Cocacola and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cocacola and Ethics - Essay Example Coca Cola has long been embroiled in competition with other beverage brands such as Pepsi. The company has marketing tactics that are largely anticompetitive. It is aggressive in its quest for joint ventures, mergers, and acquisition, in a manner that does not encourage perfect competition and sustainability in the market. It contravened European laws in its aggressive tactics through rebates and discounts to crowd shelves with its products (457). Another issue is health concerns from contamination and pollution. There are reports of people becoming ill, specifically in Belgium, because of the consumption of Coca Cola products. The cause was the improper processing of a batch of carbon dioxide. The slow response to the situation, and its dismissal as a minor issue worsened the situation because of the public outcry on health concerns. There were reports in France about health effects of the company’s products, and later mold-contaminated products arrived in Poland (456). Health issues also include its relationship to obesity and claims that some of its ingredients contribute to cancer. The company has faced court cases from African American employees on racial discrimination. The areas of discrimination, in the 1999 case, involved delayed promotion, pitiable remuneration, and performance evaluation. African Americans earned less than their Caucasian counterparts did in comparable jobs, regardless of qualification, skill, and work output. This came after its attempt corporate social responsibility to purchase most of its products from minority vendors. It had to spend millions to settle the claims and lessen public unrest about the racial diversity issues. Coca-Cola has been accused of groundwater contamination and depletion. Research studies indicate that its bottling plant in India released pesticides that contaminated the water. It encountered a drop in sales because of the pollution saga. In addition, the public accused Coca Cola of

Harley Davidson History Essay Example for Free

Harley Davidson History Essay Actually, the history of the Harley-Davidson Company began in 1903, when two brothers, Bill Harley and Walter Davidson, invented their first motorcycle in Milwaukee (Gannon, 2002, p. 8). At that period of time other companies produced motorcycles in the North-American states and one of them, the Indian Motorcycle Company, became the main competitor of Harley-Davidson for many years. In fact, it was a bicycle, equipped with a one-cylinder motor. All details of that motorcycle were produced manually. Later, the second version of that bike was produced with more powerful motor and it became the first motorcycle for sale (p. 10). Three bikes were assembled that year and the Harley-Davidson Company opened the first page of its history. In 1904, the brothers produced 8 motorcycles and in 1906 it were 50. The company developed very quickly and by that period of time it included about 20 employees hired. Harley-Davidson constantly aspired to create a high speed bike and as a result the new model known as V-twin was introduced in 1909. The specially designed vacuum valves and a belt transmission were the main features of that model (Oliver, 1957, p. 26). In 1910, the legendary Bar and Shield logo was developed. It continues to be the main defining symbol of Harley-Davidson bikes today (p. 28). The significant progress of the Harley-Davidson Company took place in 1912. A new 6-story factory was built and first overseas sales were made in Japan. That year Harley-Davidson presented its first version of gear box. The mechanism of chain gear was designed in 1913 and a three-speed sliding-gear transmission was developed in 1915 (p. 32). It should be emphasized that the First World War played a big role in the development of the Harley-Davidson Company. So, about 20,000 motorcycles were sold to the U. S. military forces by the end of 1918 (Walker, 2000, p. 67). The given order significantly improved the reputation of Harley-Davidson and having 2,000 additional dealerships worldwide the company managed to become the biggest motorcycle factory in the world (Oliver, 1957, p. 34). Improving the construction of V-twin motors, company’s constructors couldn’t get rid of the main problems, typical for the given class of motors. The opened valves often clogged up and had a lot of maintenance problems. At that time, Indian Motorcycle Company used another construction of V-motors. Though, theoretically that construction was less effective the engineers managed to bring it to perfection and got the maximal power and maintenance simplicity. For that reason, the administration of the Harley-Davidson Company took decision to create its own class of V-motors with longitudinal placement. The first pattern of that bike appeared in the last days of the second decade (p. 35). The new model, equipped with the Flathead V-twin engine was invented in 1929 (Walker, 2000, p. 72). The motors of the given model were equipped with side-valves and the classical Flathead could successfully compete with the production of the Indian Motorcycle Company. Unfortunately, Flathead appeared two months earlier the moment when the Great Depression began. The number of sales decreased in several times, but the company managed to survive when others went bankrupt. However, having survived the depression time the company managed to stabilize its economy and was in very advantageous position – huge demand and the absence of supply. In 1932, the three-wheel Servi-Car was developed (Oliver, 1957, p. 38). Together with the change, called as the eagle design, which was painted on all Harley-Davidson gas tanks, there were a lot of changes made in the engine’ s construction. Afterwards, the given model made a good impression on the U. S. police, as a result, Servi-Car managed to become police vehicle (p. 38). In 1936, the Knucklehead motorbike was invented and managed to become the victory over the Indian (p. 39). The given model took place on the market for 12 years and had a huge influence on the further developments. The engineers continued working on Knucklehead model even during the Second World War. Having changed the motor’s configuration and added the hydraulic device intended for pushing valves, the constructors managed to get rid of adjusting gaps. Due to the aluminum body of engine the motor’s heat emission was increased. Afterwards, bikers called that model – Penhead. The main event which took place in 1953, it was the collapse of the main competitor of Harley Davidson Indian Motorcycle Company (Walker, 2000, p. 88). Nevertheless, the company faced a lot of problems in the marketing field due to the fast development of Japanese and European motorbike companies. Thus, having sold the part of its stocks, Harley Davidson was involved in the cruel fight against foreign producers. In 1969, American Machine and Foundry Company bought the control packet of shares of Harley Davidson and became its actual owner (Oliver, 1957, p. 40). The new motorcycles had a negative impact on the company’s reputation and Harley Davidson began to lose the market of Big-twin and Sportster models. In 1971, FX Super Glide model was produced (p. 43). Although the given model wasn’t popular, Harley Davidson developed its further unique motorcycles on the basis of FX Super Glide. By the middle of 70-s the given models couldn’t cope with the production of Japanese competitors. As a result, in 1981 senior members of Harley-Davidson bought back Harley-Davidson Motor Company from AMF (Walker, 2000, p. 90). In 1983 the group H. O. G was founded and became the largest factory-sponsored motorcycle club in the world. By the year 2000, the club had over 500,000 members (Gannon, 2002, p. 15). In 1984, the new Evolution V2 model with an aluminum head was presented to public (Oliver, 1957, p. 42). At the end of this revolutionary decade for Harley-Davidson, the FXSTS Springer Softail model was introduced into the lineup. It was made on the basis of motorcycles of the 1940-s and equipped with the modern 1340 cc motor (Walker, 2000, p. 92). The appearance of the given engine allowed the Harley Davidson Company to produce many motorcycles by individual orders. So, introduction of such model as FLSTF Fat-Boy in the early 1990-s can be considered as a good evidence of that fact. In 2001, the new model of Harley-Davidson was presented for the 2002 model year. The main feature of the given model was suggested to be the modern engine, equipped with a liquid-cooled system. It should be pointed out that today the Harley Davidson Company takes the leading position in the business World, when demand exceeds supply, that allows to increase the prices of production and stock. References Gannon E. , Veno A. (2002). Brotherhoods: Inside the Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs. Crows Nest: Allen Unwin Oliver S. H. (1957). Automobiles and Motorcycles in the U. S. National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Walker S. M. (2000). Bikers: Culture, Politics and Power. New York: Berg

Effect of Organic Farming on Soil Nutrients and Structure Essay

Effect of Organic Farming on Soil Nutrients and Structure Works Cited Missing Since the 1970s, the agribusiness and agrochemical industries have been aware of a growing problem: as the global population soars, soils around the world are becoming less suitable for farming as a result of erosion, nutrient depletion, and structural degradation. In the United States, about 60,000 farmers have abandoned the "conventional" system which relies on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and adopted the organic farming systems that allowed areas of China and India to be successfully farmed for 4,000 years (Reganold et al., 1990, p. 112). Organic farmers use plant matter and animal and municipal wastes for fertilizer, and rely on natural predators and disease-resistant crop strains to keep insects and fungi under control. While these methods are appealing to many on philosophical grounds, they also bring tangible benefits to farmers who observe improved soil structure, nutrient levels, and erosion control. Many of the benefits that farmers claim to receive from organic farming are related to increased humus levels. Droeven et al. (1980) found that field which received additions of farm-yard manure (FYM) had organic matter levels that were significantly higher than those in fields using chemical fertilizers and plowing in the plant matter from previous crops -- the method used on conventional farms (p. 215). Reganold et al. (1993) compared 16 biodynamic (organic farms that also incorporate silica and plant preparations) and conventional farms and reported that the biodynamic soils consistently had a 1% greater carbon content (p<0.01) (p. 346). This increased organic matter content has a variety of positive consequences. Reganold ... ...ic farming measurably disrupts natural processes, but it must be noted that a great deal of plant material is not returned to the soil in Nigerian farming practices, and so has the opportunity to deplete the soil in nutrients that plants use to grow. While the findings of Aweto and Ayuba provide strong evidence that organic farming probably can not leave any soil ecosystem undisturbed. The simple act of removing some plant matter causes nutrient depletion over time. However, the addition of manure and plant material, rather than simply using inorganic fertilizers provides a way adapt natural processes in the soil to aid in the cultivation of crops. The benefits of a healthy soil ecosystem range from decreased erosion to easier plowing. And through recycling the wastes that are now being produced, agribusiness may yet be able to feed the global human population.

Importance of Learning Asian Languages Essay

If I asked an English speaker, â€Å"Hello, how are you?†, the answer almost invariably will be â€Å"I’m fine, thank you†. This brief dialogue itself establishes a relationship between the two people. It not only stands proof of the two individuals’ ability to speak English but also their collective ability to converse in a common language. From the very beginning a certain level of trust is created as both persons can comprehend what the other is saying and thus, within the limitation of his or her expression, know what the person is thinking. With this also comes fluency in the conversation and in the vocalization of ones thoughts. Not only does this make the interaction faster, it also allows both persons to speak their mind freely and without much hesitation. Now instead, think of a French speaker asking â€Å"Commo à §ava?†, his translator translating, â€Å" How are you?†, the English speaker answering, â€Å"I’m fine, thank you† and the translator translating back, â€Å"Je suis bien, merci†. Quite evidently, the conversation becomes longer and quite tedious. But beyond that, the two individuals also feel a disconnect, as neither of them know for sure what the other is saying. The existence of the middleman disrupts the trust that would otherwise be established in the relationship. Also, both individuals hesitate and think twice before saying anything, pondering its interpretation in the other’s language. The purpose of the above examples is to show the benefit of conversing in a common language. If there is such a radical difference in communicating so briefly, the differences in longer and more complex conversations will be drastic. A common language gives the individual more access, establishes trust and therefore gives the individuals power. Throughout history we have witnessed expansion of various empires and in the process interaction of societies speaking different languages. Examples can be taken from the invasions of Indian kingdoms by the British Empire, British colonization of Australia or from the forceful inhabitation of Native American lands by the European immigrants while USA was being founded. The pattern in all these has been the same. The invaders start from trade. Through this they learn about the native people’s society and culture. Language is an inevitable need of trade and so the foreign traders learn the local language and the natives learn the tradersà ¢â‚¬â„¢. Slowly this gives the invaders access to the local community and gradually colonization takes place. Thus, we see how language gives power. Even in the current scenario, things have not changed a lot. Although the purpose of knowing a foreign language may not be to take over another country, language still gives the individual who speaks it an immense amount of power. It is so in all aspects of the word, the more people you can communicate with, the more are your chances to succeed. This power is exactly what the Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard wants the citizens of Australia to have. Asia is progressing rapidly, but why would Australians knowing Asian languages â€Å"power Australia into the world’s top 10 wealthiest nations by 2025†? This is because as Asian countries progress and become global leaders, due to their economic and populous advantage, a large part of the world’s business will be conducted with or through them. India and China consist of 5/14th of the world’s population and this population spreads around the globe, knowing Mandarin or Hindi will give the speaker a great tactical advantage in an increasingly competitive world. But you may ask that if a common language is the only thing attracting Australia to have its citizens learn languages like Hindi and Mandarin, what’s wrong with their native English itself? The answer to this has two sides. The first is that English is becoming an increasingly global language and in the coming days, everyone who will do business with the Asians will almost definitely know English. In such cases, having a common language will not be enough. Knowing their native language and establishing an intimate relationship is what will give the language speakers an edge over the others. The other side is that as evidently seen today, a large percent of the Indian population speaks English and in terms of the people who do business, all of them speak English. But in the case of the rest of eastern Asia, few people, even in the corporate world speak fluent English. These aren’t baseless claims. There are various reasons behind this phenomenon such as the British rule over India for over 200 years, the mostly secondary sector development of countries like China and Japan and India’s global dependence for its services export. Since the beginning of British rule in India, many Indians have been learning English to facilitate themselves to get better jobs in the British government. Even after independence, English remained deeply incorporated in the Indian education system. Thus, English was never introduced to Indians as a global language learnt to facilitate communication as is being done now in various countries. It was imposed on on Indians as a necessity to survive in the British common wealth. This is why even the Indian lower middle class knows a moderately good level of English. Also, as India has developed, its tertiary sector has developed tremendously, specifically in the field of Information and Technology. The blooming IT industry far outmatches the demand for IT services in India and therefore there is a need to outsource these services. Thus, interaction of the average Indian with the outside world has increased and so has his need to speak English. As opposed to this, countries like China and Japan have seen the most development in the secondary sector. With the highest population and cheap labour, China has become the manufacturing hub of the world. But this surge in the manufacturing sector has resulted in only the entrepreneurs of these countries being in communication with the rest of the world. Their laborers, with no need to communicate with people outside the country, have found no need to learn English. As these Asian superpowers rise, the existing world leaders relatively decline in their economic and political status. With this in mind and considering that the whole of Europe barely amounts to half the population of China, learning learning Asian languages will be much more advantageous that learning European languages except for specific purposes. One could argue that some European languages like Spanish and French could be used in communication in earlier Spanish and French territories like South America and Quebec but this wouldn’t provide any advantage considering the economic and populous strength of Asian countries. Although all the pros favor learning Asian languages, it isn’t such an easy task, especially for a country that has been under British rule and speaks English that has a completely different script than any of the Asian languages. In this aspect it would be easier for students in Australia to learn European languages, as the script is the same as English. Another factor affecting the foreign language Australians would prefer to learn is their ancestry. Most of the Australian population consists of European immigrants who moved to Australia during the British rule. Many of these immigrants now in the 4th or 5th generation after the migration see a loss of culture in the generation following them and therefore would prefer that their children learn their mother tongue and be well rooted in their origins. Although a valid argument, people need to make a conscious choice between the past and the future. Learning their original European languages may give them a better taste of their own culture but by doing that, they are possibly depriving themselves the chance of a better future. Even the aspect of education is quite debatable. It is a well-known scientific fact that as you grow older, your ability to learn different languages decreases. The language learning agility during childhood allows children to master various languages irrespective of the differences between them. I myself have learnt English, French and Spanish, all having the same script while also knowing Hindi and Gujarati, both of which follow a different script than that of European languages. There are people out there who know various languages from many scripts and you don’t need to be a linguist to learn them, you just need to be a kid! This unconventional tactic to teach Australian citizens Asian languages could prove to be a great advantage to learners in this Asian century and could facilitate Australia to make it one of the ‘top 10 most wealthiest countries by 2025’ which, as stated by Julia Gillard, the Australian Prime Minister, is the primary goal of this initiative. To materialize this goal will take a lot of effort and will put a great toll on Australia’s education budget. If achieved though, Australia won’t be far behind the Asian giants in the coming global race.

Bourdieu, P. Language and Symbolic Power Essay

French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, in his work, Language and Symbolic Power (1991), describes the power of language in relation to politics, social institutions, economics, and education. He views language as a means of communication but more especially as a competitive means of pursuing interests and objectives. He explores the traditional approaches to language but emphasizes that language is more important and beneficial when it is understood in the social context. â€Å"The social uses of language owe their specifically social value to the fact that they tend to be organized in systems of differences which reproduce the system of social differences† (p. 54). The connections between literacy and social positioning can be analyzed through the different forms of capital – economic, cultural (i.e. knowledge, skills and other cultural acquisitions, as exemplified by educational or technical qualifications), symbolic (i.e. accumulated prestige or honor), etc., which can be accumulated through family or social institutions (Menard-Warwick & Dabach, 2004). Central to the discussion are the two concepts ‘linguistic market;’ and ‘linguistic habitus’ that are considered as â€Å"sites of struggle and competition where individuals or agents strive to maintain or alter their position and where their capacity to compete is determined by the volume of capital they possess† (Riagà ¡in, 1997, p. 39). Linguistic capital, together with other forms of capital, defines position of an individual within the social hierarchy (Riagà ¡in, 1997). Bourdieu also speaks of a linguistic market competence as capital. His extensive use of the language of economics (e.g., markets, profit, price, investment), according to Riagà ¡in (1997), implies that individual adopts linguistic strategy that contributes to a realization of desirable outcome like profit that symbolizes prestige. Social dynamics will then contribute to the understanding of the role of education. For Bourdieu, literacy learning involves interrelated aspects of complex individual, social, and cultural contexts. This multidisciplinary perspective allows us to increase our knowledge and deepen our understanding of concepts and ideas that might form social groups. In the academic field, the habitus provided educators with a different way of viewing social institutions where students and teachers act and react analytically based on their practices, perceptions, and attitudes already in place. Teachers and students are viewed to have socially structured resources and competencies that enable them to use language in dealing with and understanding relationships, hierarchies, and literacy practices (Gutierrez & Stone, 2000). â€Å"Sociology can free itself from all the forms of domination which linguistics and its concepts still exercise today over the social sciences only by bringing to light the operations of object construction through which this science was established, and the social conditions of the production and circulation of its fundamental concepts† (Bourdieu , 1991, p. 37). The use of language through the power of media is also associated to the fields of politics and social sciences. Bourdieu’s dynamic model of the relationship between society and politics explains how language is used in political systems that affect social conditions. For instance, people who share common culture and social networks are likely to shape their own social institutions. The Civil Rights Movement in The United States (US) is an example of how social institutions are developed. In addition, Bourdieu also explains through the concepts of habitus, symbolic power, religious capital, and field the occurrence of social movements within institutions like religious groups. For example, the introduction of women’s ordination movement in the Catholic Church (Stone, 2001). It is therefore important to consider Bourdieu’ concepts of ‘linguistic habitus’ and linguistic market, as well as the different capitals in analyzing discourse social, political, and economic processes and changes because language should not only be viewed in the traditional perspective but also in the different context to maximize the use and functions of language in specific fields of study and practice. References Gutierrez, K. D. & Stone, L. (2000). Synchronic and diachronic dimensions of social practice. In C. Lee & P. Smagorinsky (Eds.), Vygotskian perspectives on literacy research: Constructing meaning through collaborative inquiry (pp. 150-164). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Menard-Warwick, J. & Dabach, D. B. (2004) â€Å"In a Little While I Could Be in Front†: Social Mobility, Class, and Gender in the Computer Practices of Two Mexicano Families Computer Users Tend to Develop Literacies Most Compatible with Their Current Lives Programs for Adult Learners Need to Make the Technology A Meaningful in This Context. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy 47(5), 380+. Riagà ¡in, Pà ¡draig Ó (1997).Language Policy and Social Reproduction: Ireland, 1893-1993. New York: Oxford University. Stone, Lora (2001) â€Å"Misrecognition of the Limits†: Bourdieu’s Religious Capital and Social Transformation. University of New Mexico. Retrieved October 13, 2007 from http://www.jcrt.org/archives/03.1/stone.shtml.

Equality in America during the 1830s to 1860s essays

Equality in America during the 1830's to 1860's essays Alexis de Tocqueville's description of America as a land of equality was an inaccurate one, as his opinion came out of dealings exclusively with upper society and he concurred with the majority of the population that the treatment of blacks, women, andundesirables? as second-class citizens was not a contradiction to the principles of democracy. The time period in which Tocqueville lived was one of rapid change not only within the United States, but also worldwide. The monarchies of Europe were leaning towards becoming republics, and Tocqueville set out to dispute the European notion that a republic would end up as little more than mob-rule by using the United States as the example of the success of the republic. Unfortunately, while the United States achieved much in the way of progress, Tocqueville's descriptions were full of exaggeration and ignorance. Slavery still existed in the land that was based on the belief that,all men are created equal.? Women were being viewed as the epit ome of gentleness and morals but were still denied the right to vote, own property if they were married, or even to sign their own wills. Undesirables such as the insane were locked up in institutions where the conditions were not fit for livestock let alone human beings. These factors represented the failures of democracy, but were ignored or written off by Tocqueville. It may be that he was truly blind to these inequalities because he was raised in a world that assumed that women and black people were not created equal to white men and were therefore not entitled to share in democracy. When one thinks of the 19th century within America, the wordprogress? comes to mind. Indeed, the industrialization of the United States did represent progress in the world, as goods could now be made cheaper and faster. Unfortunately, the mechanization of manufacturing also meant an increase in the demand for raw materials. A majority of the population at this time there...

Rock Crawlers, Order Grylloblattodea

Rock Crawlers, Order Grylloblattodea The order Grylloblattodea is not well known, due in part to the small size of this insect group. Commonly called rock crawlers, ice crawlers, or ice bugs, these insects were first described in 1914. The order name comes from the Greek gryll for cricket and blatta for cockroach, a testament to their odd mixture of both cricket-like and roach-like traits. Description: Rock crawlers are wingless insects with elongate bodies ranging from 15 to 30 mm in length. They have either reduced compound eyes or none at all. Their long, slender antennae may have as many as 45 segments, but no less than 23, and are filiform in shape. The abdomen ends with long cerci of 5 or 8 segments. The female rock crawler has a pronounced ovipositor, which she uses to deposit eggs individually in the soil. Because these insects live in such cold habitats, their development is slow, taking as many as 7 years to complete a full life cycle from egg to adult. Ice crawlers undergo simple metamorphosis (egg, nymph, adult). Most ice bugs are believed to be nocturnal. Theyre most active when temperatures are coldest, and die when temperatures rise above 10Â º Celsius. They scavenge on dead insects and other organic matter. Habitat and Distribution: Rock crawlers inhabit the earths coldest environments, from ice caves to the edge of glaciers They typically live at high elevations. We know of only 25 species worldwide, and 11 of these live in North America. The other known ice bugs live in Siberia, China, Japan, and Korea. So far, rock crawlers have never been found in the southern hemisphere. Major Families in the Order: All rock crawlers belong to a single family – Grylloblattidae. Families and Genera of Interest: Grylloblattia campodeiformis was the very first rock crawler discovered. E.M. Walker described the species, which was found in Banff, Alberta (Canada).The genus Grylloblattina includes just one species, which lives in Siberia.All North American ice bugs belong to one genus, the Grylloblattia. Sources: Borror and DeLongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th Edition, by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. JohnsonGrylloblattodea, John R. Meyer, North Carolina State University, accessed December 19, 2011Suborder Grylloblattodea, Bugguide, accessed December 19, 2011Ice Bugs (Order Grylloblattodea), Gorden Ramel, accessed December 19, 2011

Verifica el costo de los community colleges por estado

Verifica el costo de los community colleges por estado A la hora de decidir dà ³nde estudiar, una de las ventajas de los Community Colleges es el costo, ya que es ms barato que el de las universidades. Si bien hay grandes diferencias por estados. Los Community Colleges, tambià ©n conocidos como colegios comunitarios, pueden ser privados, pero en su gran mayorà ­a son pà ºblicos y dependen del estado, de una ciudad o, incluso, de un condado. Y son estas instituciones pà ºblicas las que establecen las reglas sobre cunto cuesta la registracià ³n. En casi todos los 50 estados se establecen dos tipos de matrà ­cula: in state, para los residentes out of state, para los no residentes Para calificar como residente cada estado establece sus propias reglas. Por ejemplo, haber cursado la high school en ese estado. De tal manera que un vecino de Nueva Jersey que desea estudiar en Nueva York pagarà ­a como out of state. Tambià ©n son out of state los estudiantes internacionales con visas F-1 y M-1. Sin embargo, los indocumentados deben verificar cules son las reglas del estado en el que residen, ya que pueden calificar como in state. Por lo tanto, si a la hora de iniciar los estudios universitarios el costo es un factor fundamental a tener en cuenta, conviene verificar los precios de las matrà ­culas. Costo de los community colleges en Estados Unidos Alabama in state: $3,900 out of state: $7,622 La excepcià ³n es por un lado el Community College of the Air Force, que tiene un coste cero y por el otro Marion Military Institute, con un costo de $8,928 para los estudiantes residentes en el estado y de $14,928 para el resto. Alaska In state y out of state: $3,000. Alaska no cobra ms a los estudiantes que no son residentes en ese estado. Adems hay que destacar que el nà ºmero de estudiantes es realmente pequeà ±a en cada campus. Arizona In state: a partir de $1,008 por un semestre de 12 crà ©ditos. out of state, a partir de $4.026. En este estado algunos colegios comunitarios, como por ejemplo, el popular Maricopa, es del condado y establece costos diferentes segà ºn se resida en el mismo, en el resto de Arizona o de fuera. Arkansas In state, a partir de los $2,090 (Arkansas Notheastern) out of state a partir de los $3,890 en la misma institucià ³n, pero la mayorà ­a en el rango de los $3,900 a $6,600. California Este es un estado con muchà ­simos colegios comunitarios de entre los que elegir. Residentes, los costos comienzan a partir de los $1,382no residentes a partir de los $6,900.   California es, adems, uno de los estados con polà ­ticas ms amistosas hacia los indocumentados y es sede de la universidad ms popular entre los estudiantes internacionales: Southern California. Carolina del Norte Residentes en el estado, la matrà ­cula comienza a partir de los $2,208No residentes desde los $7,981. Sin embargo hay importantes excepciones, como el prestigioso Carolinas C. Health Science que tiene un costo para todo tipo de estudiantes de $9,271 por semestre para tiempo completo. Carolina del Sur In state tuition comienza en los $2,183 (Pamlico) aunque la mayorà ­a estn en el rango de los $3,500 a $4,900. Para lo residentes hay colegios comunitarios a partir de los $4,185 pero la mayorà ­a a partir de los $5,900 (Florence-Darlington Tech) e incluso varios cargan matrà ­culas por encima de los $10,000 por semestre, como por ejemplo Aiken Technical College, Midlands Tech, Technical Lowcountry o Greenville Technical. Colorado Los estudiantes del estado pagan entre $2,281 (Aims) y $4,500 (Community College of Denver). Los no residentes a partir de los $6,983 encuentran algunas posibilidades (Otero Junior), pero lo cierto es que muchos de ellos estn por encima de los $10,000 por semestre. Por ejemplo: Aims, Arapahoe, Community College of Aurora, Fort Range, Pueblo Community College, etc. Colorado cuenta con un sistema educativo pà ºblico excelente y sus colegios comunitarios son famosos por no pedir una calificacià ³n mà ­nima de TOEFL o por pedirlo bajo: 46 (Lamar), 45 (Pueblo), etc.   Connecticut En este estado hay una gran diferencia entre pagar in state o out of state. Los primeros encuentran colegios comunitarios la mayoria en el rango de los $3,700 a $3,900 por semestre. Por el contrario los no residentes pagan en la mayorà ­a de las instituciones por encima de los $11,000.   Adems, hay importantes excepciones a las dos categorà ­as de estudiantes. Asà ­, Goodwin College cobra $19,400 por semestre para residentes y no residentes y St. Vicent ´s College cobra una matrà ­cula similar. Dakota del Norte Para los residentes se puede encontrar colegios comunitarios a partir de los $2,000 (Turtle Mountain) pero la mayorà ­a estn entre los $3,300 y los $5,210 (United Tribes Tech). Para los no residentes el precio varà ­a desde los $2,050 (Turtle) a los $10,084 (Bismark State), pero la mayorà ­a se encuentra entre los $3,000 y $5,600. Dakota del Sur La mayorà ­a de los colegios comunitarios en este estado cobran por igual a todos los estudiantes sin tener en cuenta su lugar de residencia. Los precios varà ­an desde los $3,790 de Sisseton Wahpeton a los $9,000 de Kilian Comunity College.   Delaware Una buen aparte de los Community Colleges cobra a los estudiantes del estado $3,274 mientras que los de fuera pagan $7,274-$7,804. Hay importantes excepciones, como por ejemplo Delaware Art and Design que tiene una matrà ­cula de $23,390 para todos los alumnos. Adems esa escuela pide un 79 en el TOEFL. Florida La mayorà ­a de los colegios comunitarios cobran entre $2,900 y $3,300 a los estudiantes del estado. Sin embargo, los no residentes pagan cantidades muy superiores, a partir de los $10,791 (Gulf Coast) llegando incluso a estar algunos por encima de los $13,000, como por ejemplo Florida Keys. Georgia En este estado sureà ±o la mayorà ­a de los colegios comunitarios pà ºblicos cobran entre los $3,000 y los $5,400 por semestre a los residentes. Sin embargo, para los no residentes hay grandes variedades en el costo de la matrà ­cula, desde los que cobran aproximadamente $5,500 (Albany Technical, Augusta Tech, Chattahoochee Tec, Georgia Military o Wiregrass Georgia Tech) y los que cobran por encima de los $10,000, como por ejemplo Atlanta Metropolitan, A. Baldwin Agricultural College o Bainbridge. Hawaii En este archipià ©lago, considerado como uno de los mejores estados para vivir, en la mayorà ­a de los colegios comunitarios los residentes del estado pagan un tercio de la matrà ­cula de lo que pagan los de fuera del mismo. Por ejemplo, Hawaii C.C. cobra $3.314 a los primeros y $9,254 a los segundos. Idaho En este estado de gran belleza natural las matrà ­culas para los residentes se mueven en el arco de los $2,200 a los $4,000 por semestre. Por el contrario los no residentes deben esperar pagar entre $8,000 y $9,600.   Illinois En este estado del Medio Oeste americano hay una gran diferencia de costo  entre los residentes ($2,700-$4,350) y los no residentes ($6,250-$14,438). Indiana Este estado tiene un buen nà ºmero de colegios comunitarios que cobran en torno a los $4,000 a los residentes y casi $8,000 para los no residentes. Iowa En este estado hay diferencias entre in state y out of state, pero no son muy grandes. Por ejemplo, Hawkeye cobra $4,530 a los primeros y $5,280 a los segundos. Hay excepciones como por ejemplo Des Moines Area que cobra $4,080 a los primeros y exactamente el doble a los segundos. Kansas Salvo excepciones, los costos en este estado son bajos para residentes y no residentes. Por ejemplo: Barton County cobra $2,820 a los primeros y $3,750 a los segundos. Incluso los hay que cobran igual, como Manhattan Area Tech. Pero tambià ©n es cierto que en algunos la diferencia es grande (pero siguen siendo asequibles). Por ejemplo, Kansas City Community College cobra $2,490 in state y $6,210 out of state. Kentucky En este estado sureà ±o los costos de los no residentes casi cuatriplican a los de los estudiantes in state. Mientras que los segundos pagan aproximadamente $4,320, los primeros tienen una matrà ­cula de $15,120. Louisiana Los no residentes pagan entre el doble y el triple de los residentes. Por ejemplo, Baton Rouge cobra $3,366 in state y $7,422 out of state. En algunos colegios comunitarios como Eunice la diferencia entre ambas matrà ­culas es mayor. Maine En este estado atlntico la mayorà ­a de los colegios comunitarios cuestan en torno a los $3,500 para in state y aproximadamente $6,000 para los no residentes. Sin embargo hay importantes excepciones como por ejemplo Central Maine Medical donde la matrà ­cula para ambos tipos de estudiante es de $9,550. Maryland Mientras que para los residentes las matrà ­culas se encuentran en el rango de los $3,500 a $4,500, los out of the state pagan notablemente ms, habiendo grandes diferencias segà ºn la institucià ³n. Por ejemplo, Allegany cobra $7,438, mientras que Montgomery College $11,724. Massachusetts Para los residentes los precios oscilan desde lo moderado ($4,230 en Bunker Hill, por ejemplo) a caro ($16,950 en Benjamin Franklin Inst Tech).  Para los out of state prcticamente es imposible encontrar matrà ­culas por debajo de los $10,000. En este estado se encuentran dos de las universidades privadas de Estados Unidos: MIT, de gran fama para estudiar ingenierà ­a, y Harvard, una de las Ivy League ms apetecibles para los mejores estudiantes. Michigan Este es un estado con muchos colegios comunitarios. Para los residetnes los precios van desde los $2,700 (Kalamazoo Valley) a los $5,142 (Hennepin). Para los no residentes los precios varà ­an enormemente, desde los $5,700 (Lansing) a varios community colleges por encima de los $10,000, como Bay de Noc, Grand Rapids o Mid Michigan. Minnesota   Este estado tiene una gran variedad de costo, desde los colegios comunitarios con el mismo costo para residentes y no residentes (Alexandria Tech, Anoka, Central Lakes) y en torno a los $5,000 a pequeà ±as diferencias o notables. Ejemplo de esto à ºltimo es Lake Superior, donde los out of state pagan $9,536, casi el doble que los in state. Mississippi En este estado sureà ±o los no residentes pagan casi el doble que los residentes en la mayorà ­a de los colegios comunitarios, pero siguen siendo precios entre los ms bajos. Por ejemplo: East Mississippi: $2,600 para in state y $4,800 para out of state. Este ejemplo se puede considerar estndard del estado. Missouri La mayorà ­a de los residentes pagan entre $2,800 y $5,300 mientras que los out of state entre $3,800 y $6,450. Hay excepciones importantes como Linn State Tech donde se paga respectivamente $5,310 y $10,050. Montana Mientras que la matrà ­cula para los residentes oscila entre los $2,400 y los $3,060, los out of state tienen rangos muy diferentes. Por ejemplo, en Little Big Horn el costo es de $2,860 y en Flahead Valley es de $11,066. Nebraska Para los out of state  los precios son moderados, entre los $3,300 y los $7,900 mientras que para los in state las matrà ­culas oscilan entre los $2,600 y los $4,200. La institucià ³n ms cara es Nebraska College of Agriculture. Nevada En el estado del juego los residentes pagan $2,700 por cursar en un colegio comunitario mientras que los out of state deben desembolsar $9,345. Nueva Jersey En el Estado Jardà ­n los in state pagan entre los $3,700 y los $5,400. Los no residentes deben abonar entre los $4,400 (Camden) y los $14,100 (Cumberland County). Nueva York En la mayorà ­a de los colegios comunitarios los in state pagan en torno a los $4,500 por semestre mientras que los no residentes pagan casi el doble. Esto hay que tenerlo en cuenta, principalmente en la ciudad de Nueva York, ya de por sà ­ una de las ciudadades ms caras del paà ­s. Hay importantes excepciones. Por ejemplo, en Hudson Valley la matrà ­cula para residentes es de $4,542 y para los out of state es de $12,502. Adems, el American Academy of Dramatic Arts cobra $30,650 sin hacer distincià ³n en el lugar de residencia del estudiante. Nuevo Hampshire En este estado los colegios comunitarios no son baratos. Los residentes pagan entre $6,100 y $6,900 y los no residentes entre los $13,800 y los $14,940 (NHTI-Concord). Nuevo Mà ©xico Este es uno de los estados ms baratos para estudiar en un colegio comunitario. Para los residentes en el estado las matrà ­culas son inferiores a los $2,000, incluso a los $1,000 con las excepciones de Navajo Tech ($2,780) y Nuevo Mexico Military Inst ($6,741). Para los no residentes los precios son tambià ©n asequibles, en el abanico de los $2,000 a $$4,800, con las excepcià ³n de Centran New Mexico ($6,680) y New Mexico Military ($11,260). Ohio En Ohio hay grandes diferencias de costos segà ºn la institucià ³n. Para los in state van desde los $2,977 de Lorain County a los $10,456 de Chatfield College. Para los out of state los costos van desde los $4,390 de Eastern Gateway a los $14,735 de Cleveland State. Oklahoma En este estado los in state pagan entre los $2,800 y los $3,600. Los out of state tienen un rango que va desde los $5,500 a los $9,300. La excepcià ³n es el colegio Muscogee Nation donde ambos pagan $6,593. Oregà ³n En este estado del Pacà ­fico los in state abonan precios entre los $3,600 y los $5,500 mientras que la variacià ³n para los out of state es mucho mayor, desde los $4,400 de Tillamook Bay a los $15,975 de Clatsop. Pennsylvania Este estado, de grandes dimensiones, brinda oportunidades muy distintas en cuanto a precio, tanto para residentes como out of state. Para los primeros es posible enconrar a partir de los $2,250 (Wilson), pero tambià ©n los hay caros como Bidwell Training ($14,000) o Rosedale Tech ($13,810). Para los no residentes los precios comienzan a partir de los $8,000. Rhode Island En este pequeà ±o estado el Community College de Rhode Island brinda una matrà ­cula de $3,950 a los residentes del estado y de $10,582 a los de fuera. Tennessee Este es otro de los estados con grandes diferencias entre in state y out of state. Par los primeros la matrà ­cula est aproximadamente en los $3,800 meintras que los out of state alcanzan los $14,600.   Hay poca variedad de precios. Sin embargo una de las ventajas de estudiar en este estado es que cuenta con la ciudad ms barata de Estados Unidos. Texas Este estado se encuentra entre los que brindan matrà ­culas ms baratas. Los in state entre los $1,700 y $2,500.   Incluso para los out of state los costos son moderados, generalmente por debajo de los $4,500, si bien con excepciones notables como Austin C.C ($10,860) o Central Texas ($6,270). Utah El LDS Business College brinda para todos la misma matrà ­cula de aproximadamente $3,000 pro semestre. Por el contrario Salt Lake CC y Snow College hacen una gran diferencia entre in state (menos de $3,500) y out of state (ms de $10,000). Vermont El Community College of Vermont tiene una matrà ­cula de $7,090 para in state y de $14,050 para el resto de los estudiantes. Virginia Este estado tiene una oferta grande de colegios comunitarios. Mientras que los residentes pagan aproximadamente $4,000 los out of state pagan en torno a los $9,000-$10,000 o ms. Virginia Occidental Un buen ejemplo es el Northern Community College, donde 12 crà ©ditos cuestan $1,500 para los residentes y $4,800 para los estudiantes out of state. Washington Los in state tienen matrà ­culas en torno a los $4,000. Sin embargo hay grandes diferencias entre colegios comunitarios para los no residentes con matrà ­culas que van desde los $4,500 (Wenatchee Valley) a los $9,800 (Bates Technical). Wisconsin Este es otro estado con una gran oferta en colegios comunitarios. Los residentes pagan matrà ­culas entre los $3,900 y los $5,900 mientras que los no residentes pagan entre $5,700 (Lakeshore) y los $12,000, en los campus de Fond du Luc, Fox Valley, Marathon, Richland y Sheboyan de la Universidad de Wisconsin. Wyoming En este estado las variaciones son pocas. Los in state pagan entre $2,500 y $2,800 y los no residentes entre $6,200 y $6,600. Formas de pagar por los estudios universitarios Estudiar en Estados Unidos puede salir muy caro. Hay que tener reservas no sà ³lo para la matrà ­cula sino tambià ©n para el alojamiento, libros, seguros mà ©dicos, etc. Adems del dinero que pueda tener ahorrado cada familia o estudiante se pueden solicitar becas y/o crà ©ditos. Las reglas son distintas segà ºn se trate de estudiantes internacionales, ciudadanos, residentes o indocumentados. Por ejemplo, estadounidenses y titulares de la green card pueden acceder a ayuda financiera a travà ©s de FAFSA. Los estudiantes internacionales tienen becas abiertas a todo tipo de estudiantes, incluso en universidades de à ©lite y tambià ©n tienen un sistema de crà ©ditos pensados para ellos. En cuanto a los indocumentados, tienen becas para ellos, otras abiertas para todos, sin que importe su estatus migratorio. Y todo tipo de estudiantes debe consultar e informarse sobre las ayudas financieras que ofrecen sus respectivas universidades, incluidas las mejores del paà ­s. Dedicir quà © estudiar y dà ³nde es un proceso largo y complejo donde sin duda el costo es un factor fundamental a tener en cuenta.

Hungary`s agricultural industry in the 20th century, Impact of the Essay

Hungary`s agricultural industry in the 20th century, Impact of the Social System - Essay Example This paper presents the historical overview of the agricultural industry in Hungary, more specifically the industry in wool and sheep livestock, before and after the Second World War. The economic history of Hungary in the respect of the wool industry development, is indicating of the ineffectiveness of the central-planned economic system Prior to World War II Hungary was producing some 6,000 metric tons of wool for textile processing and export; post World War II that production dropped to 2,000 metric tons, but jumped back up to 4,000 metric tons in 1951. Post World War II Hungary’s economic directions were dictated by state planners. Poultry and eggs became export products during the late 1930s. Herds of sheep and other livestock decreased and a reduction in the farmland devoted to fodder was observed. Hungary had rich farmlands, while the Soviet Central Asian countries had a more harsh environment, suitable to raising sheep for wool and wool exports. Recent developments as cited by the OECD indicate that there are new markets opening for the textile industry, and, like any other nation, Hungary has an opportunity to avail itself of that opportunity, and return to a pre World War II economic way of life that served it well. The model for income food consumption relationship values by Rask and Rask is analyzed. The impact of economic development on consumption of food products depends heavily on the level of per capita income, as demonstrated by the Engel Curve. In order for Hungary to sustain a viable wool production industry, it would have, using the model, calculate the animal product CEs of feeds consumed by those animals in correlation to the production of consumable livestock yield.

Research methods (the development of Abu Dhabi) Essay

Research methods (the development of Abu Dhabi) - Essay Example 5. To study the role of Connectivity in the urbanization of Abu Dhabi. Without connectivity no city can be developed to it's fullest for which this objective has to be studied in order to achieve the hypothesis. 6. To study the identity and opportunity as a factor for urbanization of Abu Dhabi. In order for a city to develop it is important that many opportunities are given to the people who live there. It also gives a strong identity. Abu Dhabi till 2030 will be all this to it's its residents. Thus this objective will help in supporting the hypothesis. Every great leader dreams of expanding and enlarging his domain, as did the late Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan. Today Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, President of the UAE as well as Ruler of Abu Dhabi, continues to enhance the vision. The Plan set out by Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed provides a contemporary and culturally compassionate platform for the urban development of Abu Dhabi city. The main values outlined by the government for determining the growth of the city under Plan Abu Dhabi 2030, are that, Abu Dhabi will continue to be a current appearance of an Arab City, where the people maintain a healthy and supportive lifestyle. However, this kind of massive expenditure requires a plethora of studies and researches, there are many things to consider for instance the economic outlook, real estate development, sustainability, evolving culture and environment, opportunity and connectivity. A specific kind of research method must be used for the above mentioned factors in order f or this plan to be carried out successfully. The number one thing to be reviewed is the actual vision of Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed. Plan Abu Dhabi 2030 should be deeply studied, so that to fully understand which direction His Highness would like to point Abu Dhabi towards. One must understand whether he would prefer to keep his culture and develop the city within the guidelines, or develop the city with a baseline of his cultural heritage adding to it the modern ways, or would he like to completely move away from the cultural side and move towards a modern and innovative city. As per his plans mentioned on September 21st 2007, he would like to evolve the metropolitan into a global city without loosing the Arab culture. The weakness of this study however can be that His Highness might change his mind along the way and decide to change the vision completely. However considering the amount of investment involved in this project, this is very unlikely to happen. "The

You are what you eat. American food culture and traditions Around the Essay

You are what you eat. American food culture and traditions Around the word - Essay Example The participants of the contests are the ones who eat the hot dogs in this occasion while other people get entertained by the contest. Nathan Hot dog eating contest is a competitive eating event held annually on 4th July in America at Nathans’s Famous Corporation and in other famous restaurants. The significance of this event is to establish the most patriotic citizen. The victor of the competition is considered the most patriotic citizen of the year. The first competition was held in 1916 and the event has gained momentum since then by attracting many participants from all over the state (AmericaBooks, LLC, 2010). The media has broadly covered this event, and this has given it a lot of fame across the continent and elsewhere. The ancient meat used in making hot dogs was beef and pork, but chicken and turkey have been used in the recent time. Oven-roasting hot dogs by preheating the oven to a temperature of four hundred degrees, slicing the hot dogs into halves and put the slices in a roasting pan. The roasting oven containing the hot dogs is then placed in an oven for fifteen minutes and then serves them on the bun. Grilling involves putting the hot dogs on a hot grill and turning them until they attain the color of your choice before serving them. Microwaving this is prepared by putting the hot dog in a microwave-safe bowl with water and then placing it safely in the microwave for two to three minutes (AmericaBooks, LLC, 2010). After removing the hot dogs from the microwave they are then served in a bun after cooling for about a half a minute. Boiling hot dogs are put in a saucepan with sufficient water and then place the pan on fire and give it time to boil. Deep the hot dogs into the boiling water and reduce the amount of fire. Wait for the hot dogs to boil for three to six minutes, and then serve to eat. Contesters use different methods to eat the hot dogs. There are some who break the hot dog into two pieces and

The Kyoto Protocol and the Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Kyoto Protocol and the Environment - Essay Example Basically, global warming is a negative environmental phenomenon that can lead to serious environmental problems, such as destruction of the environment, loss of biodiversity, and pollution. According to environmentalist Richard Dahl, global warming is an environmental problem that leads to a rise in world temperatures that is caused by the concentration of greenhouse emission gases in air (Dahl). This rise in temperatures will lead to melting of snow Mountains, which will increase sea levels (Dahl). Therefore, most environmentalists around the world agree that greenhouse gases are the primary reason behind the intensification of the global warming problem in the world. In his book, which is entitled "Global Warming: The Complete Briefing," John Houghton explains that the concentration of carbon dioxide in high air levels is the main source of global warming (Houghton, p.10). The increase in world temperatures has deadly diseases in many creatures and human beings, leading to the los s of biodiversity. As asserted by many environmentalists, the rise in temperatures has already led to â€Å"a devastating decline in coral cover, which caused a parallel decline in fish biodiversity, both in marine reserves and in areas open to fishing. Over 75% of reef fish species have declined in abundance, and 50% have declined to less than half of their original numbers† (Jones et al.). Therefore, global warming is a detrimental phenomenon that will lead to the disappearance of large parts of sea shores. Any attempt to effectively combat this phenomenon should work hard on minimizing the emission of greenhouse gases, which are the primary reason behind the increase in world temperatures.

Argument Essay, 1. I believe Existence of God. 2. God does not exist Research Paper

Argument Essay, 1. I believe Existence of God. 2. God does not exist. For example, like The Ontological Argument - Research Paper Example It would be no exaggeration to contend that human thought has been seized with the idea of God, from times immemorial (Safa and Ahmadi D1). Substantiations relating to the existence of God constitute some of the enduring features of philosophical discussion. Some of the classifications of the corroboration of God’s existence are those that are conceptual or dependent upon aspects of the created order (Cumming 3). It is a mystery, as regards the manner in which supernatural faith interacts with human beings. The highest knowledge relating to God that can be derived solely from philosophical considerations has been defined as the preambles of faith or the praeambula fidei. The few individuals who experience the act of belief, do not find these preambles of faith to be exceedingly enigmatic. These fortunate individuals have testified that the true believer enjoys the grace, which can be termed the intelligence provided by faith (Grzesik 258). It is indeed faith that induces one to seek God and thereby admit one’s shortcomings. As a consequence, individuals are enabled to comprehend that help from the Lord is essential to avail of the benefits provided by Him and to transform the intellect to understand the higher truths. This entire process of transcendence is critically dependent upon faith (Grzesik 259). Arguments that support or oppose the existence of God can be classified as deductive or inductive. Ostensibly, the existence of God tends to be difficult to establish, despite several of the atheists being rational human beings. This state of affairs has been attributed to certain ontological assumptions regarding the nature of the world and the nature of God (Crutcher 430). Presumptions regarding the existence or non – existence of God, tend to possess a circular nature. This is due to the fact that such arguments attempt to establish their hypothesis by making an assumption regarding the non – existence or reality of

The Kyoto Protocol and the Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Kyoto Protocol and the Environment - Essay Example Basically, global warming is a negative environmental phenomenon that can lead to serious environmental problems, such as destruction of the environment, loss of biodiversity, and pollution. According to environmentalist Richard Dahl, global warming is an environmental problem that leads to a rise in world temperatures that is caused by the concentration of greenhouse emission gases in air (Dahl). This rise in temperatures will lead to melting of snow Mountains, which will increase sea levels (Dahl). Therefore, most environmentalists around the world agree that greenhouse gases are the primary reason behind the intensification of the global warming problem in the world. In his book, which is entitled "Global Warming: The Complete Briefing," John Houghton explains that the concentration of carbon dioxide in high air levels is the main source of global warming (Houghton, p.10). The increase in world temperatures has deadly diseases in many creatures and human beings, leading to the los s of biodiversity. As asserted by many environmentalists, the rise in temperatures has already led to â€Å"a devastating decline in coral cover, which caused a parallel decline in fish biodiversity, both in marine reserves and in areas open to fishing. Over 75% of reef fish species have declined in abundance, and 50% have declined to less than half of their original numbers† (Jones et al.). Therefore, global warming is a detrimental phenomenon that will lead to the disappearance of large parts of sea shores. Any attempt to effectively combat this phenomenon should work hard on minimizing the emission of greenhouse gases, which are the primary reason behind the increase in world temperatures.

The Name of the Rose Film Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Name of the Rose Film - Movie Review Example The Apostolic poverty is a doctrine that emphasizes Christ's and the Apostles' absolute lack of possession and was strongly supported by the Franciscan religious order. The Dominicans opposed this doctrine and their views were upheld by the Pope John XXII who considered the poverty doctrine as subverting his authority (Harvey, 2004). At the same time, there was a great conflict between the Pope and the Bavarian Emperor Louis regarding the boundaries between religious and lay power and the Pope's claim to intervene on lay issues such as the Emperor's Coronation (Eco, 1983). This is, in brief, the historical setting of the film. According to the plot, the Franciscan friar William of Baskerville arrived in the Benedictine Abbey to participate in a meeting between the Pope's and the Emperor's delegates in an attempt to bring together the two opposite sides. His mission was to convey the views of the Emperor's theologists on the issue of Apostolic poverty and to ensure that there would be arrangements for a second meeting in Avignon, the Pope's court, where the Emperor's delegates would have the opportunity to express their views directly to the Pope. In my opinion, there is a twofold meaning hidden behind the deaths of the monks. First, all dead monks but Severinus worked in the library and their duty was to preserve and protect its content. However, their wish for knowledge became their death sentence. Adelmo killed himself out of shame after he had succumbed to Berengar's an ethical proposal with the exchange to have unlimited access to the library. Venantius, Berengar, and Malachi were poisoned because of their curiosity to read the secret book. Seeking for truth can be a dangerous path with dreadful consequences. Their lust for knowledge, their quest for truth in the writings of secular philosophers was a hubris, an insult to God, a doubt of Genesis, that yielded a fatal punishment. Man uses his intellect and skills to give meaning to his universe, to produce c ivilization, to obtain and convey knowledge and finally, in his quest for the ultimate cause of things, he is eliminated by the limitations of his own mortal, disposable nature. Death terminated the monks' curiosity and fire destroyed the library thus depriving humanity of a thesaurus of knowledge. What a great irony! It was the light that Adso held that caused the fire and eventually led to cultural and philosophical darkness. Second, William of Baskerville was particularly interested in Logic and based all his conclusions on deductive reasoning. However, he eventually realized that his investigation comprised of a series of false deductions that accidentally led to the right final conclusion.  

Alloparenting Essay Example for Free

Alloparenting Essay As an expression of a mother-infant bond, many different species learn to raise their young together or for the other family member, which is known as alloparenting. This bond allows for multiple influences on the infant, the mother, and the group as a whole. These influences are advantages in many ways, one if the mother perishes the infant stands a better chance of being taken on by another member of the family, two if the mother is needed to go out and find food or water, the child will be able to stay with someone until she returns, and three young females who keep other infants have a chance to further their own future parenting skills. The idea of alloparenting can be seen in many societies, but mainly in primates. . In the case of primates, where individuals other than the birth parents help raise, nurture, and in general interact with is called alloparenting. One of the many benefits of living in social groups is the ability to reach out to other family and friends in a time of need. It helps us bond together and form long lasting relationships with one another. This connection built is crucial to the development of expressive and receptive behavior. The idea of helping one another is both needed and to some degree expected. In most cases the people around you are more than willing to give a helping hand, in other cases they may not have the option but to take on a new member to their family. This could be seen as foster care, babysitting, child care, or even as family time. When a mother gives birth to an infant, the hope is the baby will live a long and healthy life. In the case of the mother not making it after child birth, someone will take over the child and raise it as their own. This, in the primate world, is considered an â€Å"aunt†, and would replace the role of the maternal needs for the child. If for some reason the mother has to leave the group, either for banishment or to find food for the others, the infant may be taken care of by an alloparent until the mother returns or the remainder of the infant’s life. One of the most crucial parts of alloparenting is the chance for younger generations of females to gain a better understanding of the role of motherhood. This allows them to be trained earlier on in life and have a better foundation for when they have infants of their own. The benefits of alloparenting can be seen for generations and show how dedicated primates are to what they understand to be family. Primates know instinctively their survival depends on the survival of the offspring being born and raised to a mature age. The foundation built for the infants is the key to future knowledge and understanding of their way of life. In short, alloparenting has been working for many generations in many groups of life. The idea of training young generations of soon to be moms and preparing them for the road ahead is something maybe more groups should adopt. Ensuring the groups survival by taking on the responsibility of an infant even if the infant is not their own, because of an absent mother for whatever the reason may be. Just knowing the bond and connection exists between other living species is phenomenal. Aristotle once said â€Å"In all things of nature there is something of the marvelous† and alloparenting is just one of the many wonders nature has bestowed among us.

Look At Causal Comparative Research Psychology Essay

Look At Causal Comparative Research Psychology Essay Causal-comparative research design can be defined as a research that permits researchers to study naturally occurring, cause and effect relationship through comparison of data from participant groups who exhibit the variables of interest. Causal-comparative research can also be referred to as ex post facto, Latin for after the fact (Sowell, 2001). In other words, causal-comparative research can be studied in retrospect since it attempts to determine reasons or causes for the existing condition between or among groups of individuals. This research design is often found in the fields of education, medicine and social sciences. According to Sullivan (2001), The belief that there is order in the universe, that there are reasons why everything happens, and that scientists, using the procedures of science, can discover what those reasons are explains that researchers usually go on to examine the reasons why the observed pattern exist and what they suggest. For this reason, the basic element of causal-comparative approach involves starting with an effect and seeking for possible causes or vice versa. The basic approach, which involves starting with effects and investigating causes, is sometimes referred to as retrospective causal-comparative research. Retrospective causal-comparative studies are much more common in educational research. Meanwhile, the variation which starts with causes and investigates effects is called prospective causal-comparative research. The cause and effect relationships may influence how a problem is formulated and a research design developed. It can be said that the major purpose of causal-comparative research is to investigate potential cause-and-effect relationships that occur naturally without manipulation of variables. In this particular research design, researchers try to find the reasons why certain forms of behaviour occur. To formulate this research design it requires at least two variables namely independent and dependent variable to support the objective of the research. In this approach, it can be said that some independent variable (IV) is the factor, or one of several factors, that produces variation in a dependent variable (DV) (Sullivan, 2001). Consider, for instance a researcher formed 3 groups of preschoolers consist of those who never watched Sesame Street, those who watched it sometimes, and those who watched it frequently. The 3 groups were then tested by making comparison on a reading readines s test. Based on the mentioned case study, it shows that the independent variable affect the dependent variable. In this case, Sesame Street is the independent variable (IV) while the preschoolers reading performance is the dependent variable (DV). The Characteristics of Causal-comparative Research According to Babbie (2013), there are three main characteristics for causal-comparative. Firstly, to infer the existence of a cause and effect relationship, the causal-comparative research must demonstrate an association between the independent and dependent variable. Therefore, it involves two or more groups and one independent variable. In addition, it determines the cause or consequences of differences that already exists between or among groups of individuals. The groups are assigned to the treatments and the study is carried out. The individuals are not randomly assigned to treatment groups because they were already selected into groups before the research began. In this research, it can be said that cause and effect depends on each other, whereby the cause may precedes the effect or vice versa. It is important to note that the independent variables in causal-comparative cannot be manipulated, should not be manipulated, or simply not manipulated but could be manipulated because the independent variable has already occurred. Thus, it is not possible to manipulate the independent variable. Causal-comparative research requires the study to be non-spurious. In this context, non-spurious refers to a causal relationship between two variables. According to Babbie (2013), spurious relationship is a coincidental statistical correlation between two variables, shown to be caused by some third variable. However, in causal-comparative research, only two variables are required and not caused by the action of some third variable, therefore it is shown that causal-comparative research is non-spurious. There are two types of causes that contribute to this research design, namely necessary and sufficient causes. Generally, the term cause is assumed to mean something that produce an effect, result, or consequence. A necessary cause represents a condition that must be present for the effect to follow. For example, it is necessary for you to attend driving classes in order to get a driving license. However, by only attending driving classes is not a sufficient cause of getting a license. This is because it is required to pass the driving test to get the driving license. On the other hand, a sufficient cause represents a condition that, if it is present, guarantees the effect in question (Babbie, 2013). This is not to say that a sufficient cause is the only possible cause of a particular effect. Take the case of the driving test mentioned earlier; not attending the test would be a sufficient cause for failing it, though students could fail it in other ways as well. Thus, a cause can be sufficient, but not necessary. Design and Procedure The selection of the comparison groups is very important in causal-comparative procedure. Although the independent variable is not manipulated, there are control procedures that can be exercised to improve the interpretation of results. The researcher selects two groups of participants, the experimental and control groups, but more accurately referred to as comparison groups. These two groups may differ in two ways; whether one group possesses a characteristic that the other does not or each group has the characteristic, but they differ in terms of degrees and amounts. The independent variable differentiating the groups must be clearly and operationally defined, since each group represents a different population. In designing this research, the random sample is selected from two already existing populations, and not from a single population. A causal-comparative design is chosen, for example, when researchers want to study the possible influences of Montessori school enrolment on childrens mathematical ability. Researchers locate a population in which several levels of mathematical ability are known to exist and then select a sample of participants. The researchers collect data from all participants on measures of mathematical ability and school enrolment. Once they have collected their data, researchers decide how many levels of mathematical ability they wish to study. In this case, suppose the researchers want two groups. They could classify the participants scores accordingly from highest to lowest, and then locate the middle score of the list. All those participants whose measures are above the middle score are designated as high mathematical ability and those below it, low mathematical ability. Next, the researchers compare task performance scores in each group to see whether Montessori school enrolment appears to influence task performance. There are three possibilities that could emerge from the study. Montessori school children have higher scores than non-Montessori school children. Montessori school children have lower scores than non-Montessori school children. No discernible pattern shows in the scores of Montessori and non-Montessori school children. This shows that each statement suggests a possible relationship between the two variables which are Montessori school enrolment and the childrens mathematical ability. Measurement of second variable Group B Group A Measurement of first variable determines group placements of participants Participant selection Generalized example Montessori school children Participant selection Measurement of mathematical ability Measurement of Montessori school enrolment Non-Montessori school children Example of school enrolment and mathematical ability FIGURE 1: Procedures in causal-comparative designs. 3.1 Control Procedures In other study design, random assignment of participants to groups is probably the best way to try to ensure equality of groups, but random assignment is not possible in causal comparative studies because the groups are naturally formed before the start of the study. There is a possibility to have extraneous variable in a causal comparative research that may affect the overall purpose of the study. Thus, control techniques are used to compare the sample groups equally. There are three common control techniques that can be used, namely matching, comparing homogenous groups or subgroups and analysis of covariance. Matching can be defined as a technique for equating groups on one or more variables. If researchers identify a variable likely to influence performance on the dependent variable, they may control for that variable by pair-wise matching of participants. In other words, for each participant in one group, the researcher finds a participant in the other group with the same or very similar score on the control variable. If a participant in other group does not have a suitable match, the participant is eliminated from the study. Thus, the resulting match groups are identical or very similar with respect to the identified extraneous variable. Another way to control extraneous variable is to compare groups that are homogenous with respect to the extraneous variable. The more similar the two groups are on such variables, the more homogenous they are on everything but the variable of interest. This homogeneity makes a stronger study and reduces the number of possible alternative, explanations of the research findings. Not surprisingly, then, a number of control procedures correct for identified in equalities on such variables. This approach also permits the researcher to determine whether the target grouping variable affects the dependent variable differently at different levels of control variable. That is, the researcher can examine whether the effect on the dependent variable is different for each subgroup. Analysis of covariance is a statistical technique used to adjust initial group differences on variables used in causal comparative and experimental studies. In essence, analysis of covariance adjusts scores on a dependent variable for initial differences on some other variable related to performance on the dependent variable. Analysis of covariance statistically adjusts the scores of the group to remove the initial advantage so that at the end of the study, the results can be fairly compared, as if the two groups started equally. 4. Data Analysis and Interpretation Analysis of data in causal-comparative research involves a variety of descriptive and inferential statistics. The most commonly used descriptive statistics are mean and standard deviation. Mean indicates the average performance of a group on some measure of a variable. Standard deviation is a measure of the dispersion of a set of data from its mean. The more spread apart the data, the higher the deviation. Standard deviation is calculated as the square root of variance. The most commonly used inferential statistics are t tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and chi square. T tests are used to determine whether the means of two groups are statistically different from one another. ANOVA is used to determine if there is significant difference among the means of three or more groups. Babbie (2013) defined chi square as a frequently used test of significance in social science. In other words chi square tests are used to determine whether there is an association between two or more categories. Chi square test explains that observed frequencies of the items or events in categories are compared with expected frequencies. Similarities and Differences between Related Research Designs Causal-comparative versus Correlational Research It is better to know that the major purpose of correlational research is to determine the magnitude and direction of associations or relationships among variables. Even with different purpose, correlational research is sometimes confused with causal-comparative since both lack manipulation of variables and requires caution in interpreting results. In addition, both researches seek to explore relationships among variables, and when relationships are identified, both research designs are often studied at a later time by means of experimental research. However, causal-comparative and correlational research still can be differentiated. Compared to correlational research, causal-comparative compare two or more groups of subjects, whereas correlational research only focus on one group. In addition, correlational research has no attempts to understand cause and effect whereas; causal-comparative studies purpose is to identify the cause and effect relationships between the variables. Apart from that, correlational research involves two or more variables and one group while causal-comparative involves two or more groups and one independent variable. Causal-comparative versus Experimental Design Causal-comparative can also be confused with experimental research both attempt to establish cause-effect relationships between variables and both involve group comparisons. In addition, both causal-comparative and experimental research can test hypotheses concerning the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable. The difference between the two researches is that in causal-comparative, the individuals are already in groups before study begins, whereas in experimental design, individuals are randomly assigned to treatment or control groups. Moreover, the random sample studies for causal-comparative is selected from two already-existing populations, while in experimental research, the random sample is selected from only one population. The researcher in experimental research manipulates the independent variable; that is, the researcher determines who is going to get what treatment. In contrast, in causal-comparative research, individuals are not randomly assigned to treatment groups because they are in established groups before the research begins. The example for the established group can be male or female, college graduates or non-graduates. In causal-comparative research the groups are already formed and already differ in terms of the key variable in question. In other words, the independent variable in experimental research can be manipulated by the researcher to determine the researchs effect, whereas the independent variable in causal-comparative cannot be manipulated since the independent variable has already occurred. Advantages of Causal-Comparative Research Like other research designs, causal-comparative research has its strength and weaknesses. One of the strengths is that the causes are being studied after they presumably have applied their effect on another variable. The researchers might administer a questionnaire to study the causes or they can also do interviews and observation to find the cause or effect related to their research. For example, a researcher may hypothesize that participant in preschool education is the major factor contributing to differences in the social adjustment of first graders. To examine this hypothesis, the researcher would select a sample of first graders who had participated in pre-school education and a sample of first graders who had not and would then compare the social adjustment of the two groups. If the children who participated in pre-school education exhibited the higher level of social adjustment, the researchers hypothesis would be supported. Thus, the basic causal-comparative approach involve starting with an effect (i.e., social adjustment) and seeking possible causes (i.e., did pre-school affect it). Another advantage of causal-comparative research method is that it allows us to study cause-and-effect relationships under conditions where experimental manipulation is difficult or impossible. Unlike experimental research, the variable in causal comparative research is not manipulated because it has already occurred. For example, a researcher might be interested in determining the effect of poor parenting on the issue of juvenile delinquency. Clearly it would not be ethical to approach the parents and ask about how they raise their children because it is too personal to discuss family issues to an outsider. Thus, causal comparative research permits investigation on a number of variables that cannot be studied experimentally. In addition, causal-comparative studies help to identify variables worthy of experimental investigation. In fact, causal comparative studies are conducted solely to identify the probable outcome of an experimental study. In other words, many relationships can be studied in a single research study. Suppose for example, a researcher were considering implementing computer assisted language learning in the school system. Before implementing the mentioned program, the researcher might consider trying it out on an experimental basis for a year in a number of schools or classrooms. However, even such limited adoption would require costly new equipment and teacher training. Thus, as a preliminary measure, to inform the decision, the researcher could conduct a causal comparative study to compare the English language achievement of students in school who are currently using the instruction with the English language achievement who are not using it. If the results indicated that the students le arning through computer assisted language learning instruction were achieving higher scores, the researcher would probably decide to go ahead with an experimental tryout of computer assisted language learning instruction. If no differences were found, the researcher would probably not go ahead with the experimental tryout to save time, cost and effort. Disadvantages of Causal-Comparative Research Despite its many advantages, causal comparative research has some serious limitations to be caution of. In causal comparative research, the researcher has limited control over the study and extreme caution must be applied in interpreting results. This is because the groups are already formed at the beginning of the study. An apparent cause-effect relation may not be as it appears. The alleged cause of an observed effect may in fact be the effect itself, or, a third variable may have caused both the apparent cause and the effect. In other words, an observed relationship between variable A and B can mean that A causes B, B causes B, or a third variable C causes both A and B. A causes C causes B A B causes B B causes Figure 2: Relationships of variables For example, suppose a researcher hypothesized that enrolment to preschool is a determinant of reading achievement. The researcher would compare the achievement of two groups, one comprising individuals with children who went to preschool and children who did not go to preschool. If those who went to preschool performed better on reading measures, the researcher could be tempted to conclude that going to preschool influences reading achievement. However, this conclusion would be groundless. Because the participants arrived at the beginning of the study with an established group of children who went to preschool and children who did not, and an established level of reading achievement, it is not possible to determine which came first and which influence the other. Moreover, it is very plausible that some third variable, such as parental attitude, is the main influence on both reading achievement and pre-schooling. For example, parents who sent their children to preschool and encourage their children may have children who have higher reading achievement. Analysis of Studies Using Causal-comparative Research Design One of the major findings within the field of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) research is the different rates of success with which children and adults achieve nativelike proficiency in a second language (L2).() It is also common in SLA studies that mostly L2 learners do not attain nativelike proficiency because of their first language maintenance. In a research report entitled Does first language maintenance hamper nativelikeness in a second language? by Bylund, Abrahamsson and Hyltensam of Stockholm University, they aim to address the role of L1 proficiency in L2 attainment. In this study, the researchers hypothesized that the second language learners do not attain nativelike proficiency because of their first language maintenance. It is recognized that the independent variable in this research is the first language maintenance, whereas, the dependent variable is the nativelikeness in a second language. It shows that there is clearly an association between the two variables since the independent variable (IV), which is the first language maintenance might probably affect the dependent variable, which is the second language. To examine the hypothesis, the researchers select a sample population consists of Spanish-speaking immigrant community in Sweden, where residents of Chilean origin are in the community. 30 L1 Spanish-and L2 Swedish residents participated in the study where they acquire their second language before the age of twelve. The bilinguals came from countries throughout Latin America with a specific concentration in Chile. The participants were either university students or degree-holder. A common denominator of the participants was that they exhibited a generally high level of L2 proficiency. For the second group, fifteen native speakers of Spanish and fifteen native speakers of Swedish were recruited as monolingual controls. The researchers choose small sample populations to represent the study populations. The control groups were matched to the bilingual participants by educational level. In the process of matching the variables and groups, it can be said that pure monolingualism was not a criterion for participation, and the majority of the participants had foreign language skills such as English language. In addition, none of the control participants had lived abroad for any significant length of time in a setting in which their foreign language skills could be practiced. These two groups will be referred to as Spanish-speaking control and Swedish-speaking controls participants. Bilingual participants were tested individually in each language on two different occasions. The bilinguals and the Swedish-speaking controls were tested in the same setting and instructors and the Spanish-speaking controls were tested in another setting with another instructor. The language proficiency of the participants were investigated by piloting a grammaticality judgment test (GJT) to find out about the samples grammatical intuition. Furthermore, in order to measure the participants semantic and grammatical inferencing skills, a cloze test was piloted to all participants.

David Levinsons Seasons of A Mans Life :: Psychology Levinson Males Essays

David Levinson's Seasons of A Man's Life Introduction Background In May of 1977, Daniel Levinson constructed a model of the seasons of a man's life. His developmental theory consists of universal stages or phases that extends from the infancy state to the elderly state. Most development theories, such as Freud's psychosexual development theory or Piaget's cognitive development theory, end in the adolescent stage of life. Levinson's stage theory is important because it goes beyond most theories assuming that development continues throughout adult life. Levinson based his model on biographical interviews of 40 American men. These 40 men were between 35 to 45 years in age and they worked as either biology professors, novelists, business executives or industrial laborers. The biographical interviews lasted one or two hours and ranged from six to ten interviews for each subject. The questions asked focused on the subject's life accounts in their post adolescent years. The interviews focused on topics such as the men's background (education, religion, political beliefs) and major events or turning points in their lives. Levinson's concept of life structure (the men's socio-cultural world, their participation in their world and various aspects of themselves) is the major component in Levinson's theory. The life structure for each person evolves through the developmental stages as people's age. Two key concepts in Levinson's model are the stable period and the transitional period in a person's development. The stable period is the time when a person makes crucial choices in life, builds a life structure around the choices and seeks goals within the structure. The transitional period is the end of a person's stage and the beginning of a new stage. Levinson's model contains five main stages. They are the pre-adulthood stage (age 0 - 22), the early adulthood stage (age 17 - 45), the middle adult stage (age 40 - 65), the late adulthood stage (age 60 - 85) and the late late adult stage (age 80 plus). Levinson states "the shift from one era to the next is a massive development step and require transitional period of several years."(Levinson, 1977) This would explain why there is an overlap in each of these stages. Levinson's first adult stage in his model is called the Early Adult Transition Period. This phase is similar to Erikson's psychological theory in that both concern the young adult's identity crisis or role confusion. It is during this phase that the young adult first gains independence (financial or otherwise) and leaves the home. This is a transitional stage because it marks the end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood. The second stage would be a stable period because it marks the time

Marriage: Is It in Crisis?

Marriage in America Burin Bianca Ramirez October 11, 2012 Marriage: Is It In Crisis? In America, it is the traditional thing to do to get married to someone in order to spend the rest of your life with. Someone to go through the ups and downs of life with, someone to be there to support you no matter what, and even in most marriages someone to have children with and to create a family. All these are perfect examples of why people get married, so why wouldn’t you want all of these things in your life? Well society as we know it today is declining in all aspects including, economics, the work force, and even health care.It is no wonder why people have come to the realization that marriage is in crisis because of everything that is going on around us. In the articles I read, â€Å"The Marriage Crisis†, â€Å"Pimp My Bride† and â€Å"Few Good Men† there are different viewpoints and takes on my marriage is in trouble. The most important points I will be making and elaborating on in this passage about why marriage in in crisis today will be the realization people are coming to about a worthy marriage, how the media portrays marriage, and the economic and emotional state of marriage.While explaining these points we will ask ourselves, is marriage in crisis? In the earlier 1900s people were getting married for usually one reason: Stability. Times were hard back then and the only way people could make a living was if they had a â€Å"partner† to help out with a household/farm while the other spouse went out in the work force to earn a living and put food on the table. Having someone help you out with things at home makes things easier and that’s why they formed almost a business like partnership. In the article â€Å"The Marriage Crisis†, it explains the declining of marriage and the rising of cohabitation.This brings up my first point which is the realization people are coming to about a worthy marriage. In other words, people can now fend on their own, especially woman. Today, women have more rights and are able to participate in the work force just as much as men are. Woman are more independent now more than ever before and because of this they don’t need to force themselves in a marriage they don’t want to be in just so they are financially stable. This is why cohabitation exists. People want to know a person for a long time before they make any commitment and rush into a marriage without fully knowing the good and bad in a person.In addition to women’s rights, marriage is declining because women also have the power of education. Women are now getting degrees, making their own money (not having to rely on a man), and gaining a sense of personal fulfillment and to some women personal fulfillment is a lot more rewarding than fulfillment from a marriage. On the topic of marriage and society now, media comes into play. Technology has emerged excessively in the last decade, and w ith technology comes media. Of course there are many different sources of media but we’ll just focus of television.In the article â€Å"Pimp My Bride†, the author Judith Halberstam explains the world of marriage on reality television based program. She includes shows like The Bachelor, Average Joe, and Joe Millionaire. All these shows portray one message: how marriage is outside of normal society which includes financial responsibilities, children, families, work, and other outside conflicts that usually affect a normal relationship/marriage. Halberstam explains how these reality television shows are known as â€Å"survival of the cutest† where these shows are simply based on looks, although they try to mix in personality with it, it usually doesn’t work that way.Shows like The Bachelor are scripted programs that only get our hopes up and make us think that marriage is perfect and nothing gets in the way of that relationship. Well that is totally wrong. W hat they don’t show is how marriage really is outside of that program. Usually with these shows, once the couple returns back to reality and to their normal lives, the relationship rarely lasts because conflicts that normal couples go through are suddenly hitting them and they realize that the perfect relationship they had before is not going to work in reality.This is why it is important to realize that these are just shows and you need to be smarter than to believe that your relationship/marriage is going to be as perfect as the ones you see on television. Those shows are strictly for entertainment purposes. Stepping aside from reality television marriages, and their â€Å"perfect† relationships, there is a need to talk about the reality of marriage. Do people get married? Of course they do. Do people get divorced? Of course they do. Why?When you marry someone it is because at that time you can see spending the rest of your life with them, but things can change and p eople can change and if you can’t seem to accept those changes divorce is usually the answer to get away from that and that is perfectly okay. I am a firm believer that if you are not happy in your marriage you have the right to divorce. I understand the spiritual side of marriage and how that can be a process and that there needs to be an appropriate reason for an annulment but overall people still have the right to break off a marriage that isn’t happy anymore.Why spend the rest of your life with someone you can’t be fully happy with, that is just making yourself suffer and can affect you in many different ways. If you do get divorced, you can always remarry and hopefully find your soul mate. On the other hand, remarrying is not for everyone. In the article â€Å"Few Good Men†, we notice a focus on single low-income women and their views about marriage. In their eyes marriage is more of a risk than a reward because they feel that nothing is certain or p romised in a marriage.With all the hardships they already have to go through now, having a marriage in which the husband beats them, abuses their children, who is controlling, or is unfaithful is just not worth the risk, and they’d rather stay single and fend for themselves rather than depend on someone who is not suitable for them. Now, they are not saying that they wouldn’t marry a man; he just has to be the right one, and to be completely honest there aren’t a lot of those kinds of men left. Marriages in low-income couples are not likely to last because of affordability, respectability, trust and control.Low-income couples sometimes do not work out because they depend of both the husbands and wife’s income. If a husband were to lose or quit his job the amount of necessities they can afford is very little. And when you add children to a household with two parents but only one income in an already low-income marriage, there is only enough supplies to go around for the children and very little left for the one providing and the one that is jobless, in this case the husband, is the one that doesn’t get anything which leads to marriages falling apart.In communities that are low-income based you would think that people there would not take marriage seriously but that is not the case. Women in those communities think of marriage as a â€Å"sacred† thing and they take it seriously. They all want that big, huge wedding that is magical just like everyone else. So they stray away from marriage because they’d rather not have a marriage in which the partner doesn’t take it seriously enough and doesn’t meet their expectations. Trust is also a big reason why women in these communities aren’t getting married.They simply just cannot trust men enough to marry them. They explain that at the end of the day â€Å"men will be men† and engage in an outside affair with another woman, and they will not put up with someone who is unfaithful. They also cannot trust them with handling money. It is not fair to the hard working women who are trying to pay the bills when the husband is spending their money on junk when they should be saving up and keeping that money handy for their children. And lastly, women feel that they cannot trust their husbands with their children.In the communities that they live in things like drugs and narcotics are easy to get a hold of and the women fear that the husband could be exposing their children to drugs and sadly, even sexually abusing their children. These make up all of the characteristics as to why poor women don’t marry. Based upon the evidence provided by the authors and their articles, I do in a way think that marriage is in crisis. People have such high expectations in what they want their marriage to be like, and they should aim for something high. In everything that is going on in the world now, people are entitled to be in a happy marr iage.Now, I am not totally convinced that marriage is in crisis. For those that do get married usually do it for the right reason: to be with the one you love for the rest of your life. Those marriages, I feel, are not in crisis. They understand the true meaning of loving someone unconditionally and they want to be in a marriage. So I other words, those who marry and don’t take it seriously are the ones that have marriages in crisis, but those who value marriage as a scared union help me believe that a happy marriage is still out there and it can be something to look forward to.In conclusion, society view marriage is in crisis because of all the changes that are going on around us and how it affects the institution of marriage. Economics and the work force take a toll on marriage today and put a strain on some aspects of marriage. People realizing the worthiness of a good marriage and the expectations they have on marriage has affected the decline of marriage and couples foun d cohabitation as an alternative of marriage. Media has affected the institution of marriage immensely through the works of reality television and how they portray marriage in a â€Å"fantasy world† rather than the real world.And lastly, marriage in low-income based communities is declining because of characteristics such as affordability, respectability, trust and control. So in essence, is marriage in crisis? I believe there is not right answer simply because the marriages in which the couple does not take the union seriously does put the institution of marriage in crisis but the few marriages that are perfectly happy are the ones to look up to and strive towards later on in life.